digitimer ds5 electrical stimulators  (Digitimer North America LLC)

Journal: Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience

Article Title: Zygomaticus activation through facial neuromuscular electrical stimulation (fNMES) induces happiness perception in ambiguous facial expressions and affects neural correlates of face processing

doi: 10.1093/scan/nsae013

Figure Lengend Snippet: (A) Example of the stimuli used: here is a female avatar, with emotional expressions changing from 30% sadness to 30% happiness in steps of 10%. (B) In each trial, participants viewed a fixation cross for 1250 ms, followed by an avatar face for 500 ms. In the fNMES on condition, electrical stimulation was delivered to the ZM muscle to induce a weak smile. In the off condition, there was no electrical stimulation and participants maintained a neutral expression. Thereafter, participants viewed a scrambled face for a jittered time interval of 750–950 ms, and finally, participants had up to 3000 ms to respond via button press to indicate the perceived emotion of the non-scrambled facial expression (happy or sad).

Article Snippet: The delivery of fNMES to the bilateral ZM muscle was achieved using two constant-current electrical stimulators (Digitimer, DS5 https://tinyurl.com/yta3wa3a ).

Techniques: Expressing

Journal: bioRxiv

Article Title: Tonically active GABAergic neurons in the dorsal periaqueductal gray control the initiation and execution of instinctive escape

doi: 10.1101/2023.11.03.565561

Figure Lengend Snippet: A . Confocal stack of a biocytin-filled VGAT + neuron in the dPAG. Arrows indicate the neuron’s orientation: D – dorsal, V – ventral, M – medial, L – lateral. B . Left: Membrane potential traces of a VGAT + dPAG neuron in response to current injections of different amplitudes. Right panel: summary graph of the current-firing rate relationship of VGAT + dPAG neurons (shaded area is s.e.m; n = 29 cells, N = 8 mice). C . The mean resting membrane potential (−66.31 ± 0.69 mV), input resistance (0.55 ± 0.033 GΩ) and membrane time constant (25.61 ± 1.79 ms) were calculated for the same neurons as in B. D . Electrical stimulation of the deeper layers of the superior colliculus (dSC; left panel: schematic of the experimental configuration) evokes excitatory postsynaptic currents in all tested VGAT + dPAG neurons with a mean peak amplitude of −37.07 ± 5.78 pA (peak amplitude of first pulse; middle panel) and a mean paired pulse ratio of 1.2 ± 0.11 (right panel) (n = 13 cells, N = 4 mice). Box-and-whisker plots show median, IQR and range, as well as mean (+) and individual data points.

Article Snippet: Electrical stimulation was performed using a stimulus isolator (DS2A, Digitimer) with a pipette placed in the deeper layers of the superior colliculus.

Techniques: Membrane, Whisker Assay